Standardization of Early Feeding Skills (EFS) scale in preterm infants. / Normalización escala Early Feeding Skills (EFS) en recién nacidos prematuros.

INTRODUCTION: The Early Feeding Skills (EFS) scale assessed the neonate's behavior before, during, and after the feeding process. OBJECTIVES: To determine the face and content validity, and to evaluate with this scale the feeding process in premature newborns comparing with relevant variables. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Premature newborns were evaluated; they were between 34 to 36 weeks of corrected age, without neurological damage or craniofacial malformations. Cross-sectional descriptive study. The data were obtained through the EFS scale, version corrected by face and content validation. The study variables were gender, breastfeeding achievement, and feeding skills during the feeding process, evaluated by two observers. Dispersion measures were analyzed, and the Fisher test was used at 5% significance, establishing the association of the obtained results with the variables. RESULTS: 5 domains were evaluated: (1) Ability to stay focused on food, in which 75.3% have a poor performance level, and 28.6% equitable, with significant differences in the sex variable. (2) Ability to organize motor- oral functioning presents 10.5% deficient, 68.8% equitable, and 20.6% good. (3) Ability to coordinate swallowing 95.2% presents an equitable performance. (4) Ability to maintain physiological stability 96.7% was equitable; and (5) Evaluation of oral food tolerance presents 41.6% of poor performance. CONCLUSION: The EFS scale is a tool that provides relevant information to describe the oral feeding process in premature infants, allowing to identify the areas of greatest difficulty that require profes sional treatment, however, this tool is not enough by itself to carry a comprehensive evaluation of the newborn feeding process.

Normalización escala Early Feeding Skills (EFS) en recién nacidos prematuros / Standardization of Early Feeding Skills (EFS) scale in preterm infants

INTRODUCCIÓN: La escala Early Feeding Skills (EFS) evalúa la conducta del neonato antes, durante y posterior al proceso de alimentación. OBJETIVOS: Determinar la validez de fachada, de contenido y evaluar con dicha escala el proceso de alimentación en los recién nacidos prematuros comparando con variables relevantes. PPACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se evaluaron prematuros de 34 a 36 semanas de edad corregida sin daño neurológico o malformaciones craneofaciales. Diseño de tipo descriptivo de corte transversal. Los datos fueron obtenidos mediante escala EFS, versión corregida mediante validación de fachada y contenido. Las variables de estudio fueron género, logro de alimentación por pecho, y habilidades de alimentación durante el proceso de alimentación, evaluadas por 2 observadoras Se analizaron medidas de dispersión y se aplicó prueba Fisher al 5% de significancia, estableciendo la asociación de los resultados obtenidos con las variables. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 5 dominios: (1) Capacidad de mantenerse enfocado en la alimentación, en que el 75,3% posee un nivel desempeño deficiente y el 28,6% equitativo existiendo diferencias significativas con la variable sexo. (2) Capacidad de organizar el funcionamiento motor - oral tiene un 10,5% deficiente, un 68,8% equitativo y un 20,6% bueno. (3) Capacidad de coordinar la deglución el 95,2% presenta un rendimiento equitativo. (4) Capacidad de mantener la estabilidad fisiológica el 96,7% fue equitativo y en (5) Evaluación de la tolerancia alimentaria oral tiene un desempeño deficiente del 41,6%. CONCLUSIÓN: La escala EFS es una herra mienta que aporta información relevante para describir el proceso de alimentación oral en lactantes prematuros, permitiendo identificar las áreas de mayor dificultad que requieren tratamiento profe sional, sin embargo, esta herramienta no es suficiente por sí sola para llevar a cabo una evaluación integral del proceso de alimentación del neonato.

INTRODUCTION: The Early Feeding Skills (EFS) scale assessed the neonate's behavior before, during, and after the feeding process. OBJECTIVES: To determine the face and content validity, and to evaluate with this scale the feeding process in premature newborns comparing with relevant variables. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Premature newborns were evaluated; they were between 34 to 36 weeks of corrected age, without neurological damage or craniofacial malformations. Cross-sectional descriptive study. The data were obtained through the EFS scale, version corrected by face and content validation. The study variables were gender, breastfeeding achievement, and feeding skills during the feeding process, evaluated by two observers. Dispersion measures were analyzed, and the Fisher test was used at 5% significance, establishing the association of the obtained results with the variables. RESULTS: 5 domains were evaluated: (1) Ability to stay focused on food, in which 75.3% have a poor performance level, and 28.6% equitable, with significant differences in the sex variable. (2) Ability to organize motor- oral functioning presents 10.5% deficient, 68.8% equitable, and 20.6% good. (3) Ability to coordinate swallowing 95.2% presents an equitable performance. (4) Ability to maintain physiological stability 96.7% was equitable; and (5) Evaluation of oral food tolerance presents 41.6% of poor performance. CONCLUSION: The EFS scale is a tool that provides relevant information to describe the oral feeding process in premature infants, allowing to identify the areas of greatest difficulty that require profes sional treatment, however, this tool is not enough by itself to carry a comprehensive evaluation of the newborn feeding process.

Efectos de un entrenamiento de miembro inferior con restricción parcial del flujo sanguíneo en la fuerza muscular y biomarcadores sistémicos de daño muscular e inflamación / Effects of lower limb training with partial restriction of blood flow on muscle strength and systemic biomarkers of muscle damage and inflammation

El entrenamiento de fuerza, especialmente con alta intensidad de carga, permite aumentar la fuerza y trofismo muscular, pero también se asocia a daño muscular inducido por ejercicio (DMIE). Una nueva modalidad de entrenamiento, combina una baja intensidad de carga con la restricción parcial del flujo sanguíneo (RPFS) alrededor del músculo, siendo prometedor en cuanto el desarrollo de la fuerza y trofismo muscular. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el rendimiento de fuerza máxima de los músculos cuádriceps e isquiotibiales (FM-Q y FM-I) y marcadores de daño muscular (CK) e inflamación sistémica (PCRus) entre un entrenamiento de baja intensidad de carga con RPFS, versus uno de alta y otro de baja intensidad de carga sin RPFS en jóvenes físicamente activos durante cuatro semanas de entrenamiento. Veintitrés participantes midieron la FM-Q y FM-I previo y al término de la intervención; además, antes del inicio de la primera sesión, y antes y después del término de la última sesión se midió la CK y PCRus. En los tres tipos de entrenamiento se produjeron aumentos equivalentes en la fuerza máxima, a excepción de la FM-Q del entrenamiento con baja intensidad sin RPFS. Solo en el entrenamiento con RPFS la CK y PCRus se modifican al finalizar la intervención, y aun cuando el estrés miocelular parece ser más alto que en los otros tipos de entrenamiento, no indicaría daño muscular.

Strength training, especially with high load intensity, allows increasing muscle strength and trophism, but it is also associated with exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). A new training modality, a combination of loading with the partial restriction blood flow (PRBF) around the muscle, being promising in the development of strength and muscular trophism. The aim of the study was to compare the maximum strength (MS) performance of quadriceps and hamstrings (MS-Q and MS-I) and muscle damage biomarkers (Creatine Kinase, CK) and systemic inflammation (high sensitivity - CRP, hs-CRP) between a low intensity load training with PRBF, versus one high and another low load intensity without PRBF in physically active youngsters during four weeks of training. Twenty-three participants measured MSQ and MS-I and the intervention term. In addition, before the start of the first session, before and after the end of the last session, CK and hsCRP were measured. In the three types of training the equivalent benefits in MS are produced, an exception of the MS-Q of low intensity training without PRBF. Only in the training with PRBF, the CK and hsCPR are modified at the end of the intervention, and even though the myocellular stress seems to be higher than in the other types of training, it would not indicate muscle damage.

[Errors in prescriptions and their preparation at the outpatient pharmacy of a regional hospital]. / Errores en las recetas médicas y en la preparación de estas en farmacia de pacientes ambulatorios: El caso del Hospital de Nueva Imperial.

BACKGROUND: Adverse effects of medications are an important cause of morbidity and hospital admissions. Errors in prescription or preparation of medications by pharmacy personnel are a factor that may influence these occurrence of the adverse effects Aim: To assess the frequency and type of errors in prescriptions and in their preparation at the pharmacy unit of a regional public hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prescriptions received by ambulatory patients and those being discharged from the hospital, were reviewed using a 12-item checklist. The preparation of such prescriptions at the pharmacy unit was also reviewed using a seven item checklist. RESULTS: Seventy two percent of prescriptions had at least one error. The most common mistake was the impossibility of determining the concentration of the prescribed drug. Prescriptions for patients being discharged from the hospital had the higher number of errors. When a prescription had more than two drugs, the risk of error increased 2.4 times. Twenty four percent of prescription preparations had at least one error. The most common mistake was the labeling of drugs with incomplete medical indications. When a preparation included more than three drugs, the risk of preparation error increased 1.8 times. CONCLUSIONS: Prescription and preparation of medication delivered to patients had frequent errors. The most important risk factor for errors was the number of drugs prescribed.

Errores en las recetas médicas y en la preparación de estas en farmacia de pacientes ambulatorios: El caso del Hospital de Nueva Imperial / Errors in prescriptions and their preparation at the outpatient pharmacy of a regional hospital

Background: Adverse effects of medications are an important cause of morbidity and hospital admissions. Errors in prescription or preparation of medications by pharmacy personnel are a factor that may influence these occurrence of the adverse effects Aim: To assess the frequency and type of errors in prescriptions and in their preparation at the pharmacy unit of a regional public hospital. Material and Methods: Prescriptions received by ambulatory patients and those being discharged from the hospital, were reviewed using a 12-item checklist. The preparation of such prescriptions at the pharmacy unit was also reviewed using a seven item checklist. Results: Seventy two percent of prescriptions had at least one error. The most common mistake was the impossibility of determining the concentration of the prescribed drug. Prescriptions for patients being discharged from the hospital had the higher number of errors. When a prescription had more than two drugs, the risk of error increased 2.4 times. Twenty four percent of prescription preparations had at least one error. The most common mistake was the labeling of drugs with incomplete medical indications. When a preparation included more than three drugs, the risk of preparation error increased 1.8 times. Conclusions: Prescription and preparation of medication delivered to patients had frequent errors. The most important risk factor for errors was the number of drugs prescribed.

[Mother-newborn relational risk - Study of prevalence and associated variables]. / Riesgo relacional madre-recién nacido. Estudio de prevalencia y variables asociadas.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical evidence reveals the importance of mother-newborn bonding experience for health promoting and maintenance of human life. If the newborn lacks care and affection, she/he may develop an attachment disorder. A predictive scale regarding the risk of mothernewborn relationships is available, which makes possible an early intervention to prevent the development of relational disorders. The aim of this study is to apply the Kimelman measurement scale to determine the relational risk in mother-newborn pairs, as well as the prevalence and the associated biopsychosocial variables. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 333 mother-infant pairs in postpartum maternity at Temuco hospital. The Kimelman mother-newborn attachment assessment guide was used. Biopsychosocial variables were obtained from the mothers studied. The association of biopsychosocial variables with relational risk was analyzed using OR and confidence intervals of 95%. RESULTS: The prevalence of high relational risk was 43.8%. The associated biopsychosocial variables included, women with no steady partner, single parent, teenage mothers, unwanted and unplanned pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Almost half of the mothers were in the high risk group. Early identification of relational risk and its related variables could help in the intervention in this vulnerable group.

Riesgo relacional madre-recién nacido: Estudio de prevalencia y variables asociadas / Mother-newborn relational risk: Study of prevalence and associated variables

Introducción: Existen pruebas clínicas que revelan la importancia del vínculo seguro para la salud y para el mantenimiento coherente de la vida humana. Si el recién nacido carece de cuidados y afectos podría desarrollar un trastorno del apego. Existe una escala predictiva de riesgo relacional que permitiría intervenir precozmente en la díada madre-recién nacido, para prevenir el desarrollo de trastornos vinculares. El objetivo fue aplicar la escala de Kimelman para riesgo relacional en díadas madre-recién nacido, para determinar la prevalencia y las variables biopsicosociales asociadas. Pacientes y Método: Estudio de corte transversal con una muestra no probabilística de 333 díadas que permanecen en puerperio en la maternidad del hospital de Temuco. Se utilizó la pauta de evaluación relacional madre-recién nacidos de Kimelman. Las variables biopsicosociales se obtuvieron de una encuesta a las madres. Se analizó la asociación de variables biopsicosociales con riesgo relacional, utilizando odds ratio (OR) e intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%. Resultados: La prevalencia de alto riesgo relacional fue del 43,8%. Las variables biopsicosociales asociadas fueron: mujeres sin pareja estable, monoparentalidad, madres adolescentes, embarazo no deseado y no planificado, entre otras. Conclusión: El grupo de alto riesgo alcanza prácticamente a la mitad de las madres. La identificación precoz del riesgo relacional y sus variables relacionadas podría orientar la intervención en este grupo de mayor vulnerabilidad.

Introduction: Clinical evidence reveals the importance of mother-newborn bonding experience for health promoting and maintenance of human life. If the newborn lacks care and affection, she/he may develop an attachment disorder. A predictive scale regarding the risk of mother-newborn relationships is available, which makes possible an early intervention to prevent the development of relational disorders. The aim of this study is to apply the Kimelman measurement scale to determine the relational risk in mother-newborn pairs, as well as the prevalence and the associated biopsychosocial variables. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 333 mother-infant pairs in postpartum maternity at Temuco hospital. The Kimelman mother-newborn attachment assessment guide was used. Biopsychosocial variables were obtained from the mothers studied. The association of biopsychosocial variables with relational risk was analyzed using OR and confidence intervals of 95%. Results: The prevalence of high relational risk was 43.8%. The associated biopsychosocial variables included, women with no steady partner, single parent, teenage mothers, unwanted and unplanned pregnancy. Conclusion: Almost half of the mothers were in the high risk group. Early identification of relational risk and its related variables could help in the intervention in this vulnerable group.

Adaptación y validación de instrumentos para medir errores en las recetas médicas y en el proceso de preparación de medicamentos en farmacia de pacientes ambulatorios / Adaptation and validation of checklists to detect medication prescription and dispensing errors

Background: Adverse effects of medications are an important source of morbidity. Prescription and dispensing errors are an important cause of these adverse effects. Aim: To adapt and validate two checklists, one to measure errors in handwritten prescriptions and other to detected errors in the medication dispensing process of hospital pharmacies for outpatient care. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in three stages. First, checklists for medication errors developed elsewhere were adapted. Afterwards, the checklists were reviewed by experts. Finally, the inter and intra-observer reliability of each checklist was assessed, testing them in 32 occasions by two independent observers. Results: The checklists for medication prescription and dispensing were composed by 12 and seven items, respectively. They were corrected according to experts’ opinions. The intraclass correlations of the results of each tester were 0.68 and 0.82 for the prescription and dispensing error checklists, respectively. Conclusions: The developed checklists for the detection of errors in prescription and dispensing of medications are reliable en can be applied in future studies.

Validación del cuestionario de calidad de vida ConQol, en niños chilenos portadores de cardiopatías congénitas / Validation of quality of life questionnaire ConQol for Chilean children with congenital heart diseases

Background: ConQoL questionnaire assesses health related quality of life among children with congenital heart diseases. It has a version for children aged 8 to 11 years and anotherfor children aged 12 to 16years. Aim: To validate ConQol questionnaire for Chilean children with a congenital heart disease. Material and Methods: Using a multicentric cross sectional design, 334 children from four hospitals (54% males), were surveyed. Among them 45% were aged 8 to 11 years and 55%, 12 to 16 years. The study involved three stages: cross cultural adjustment of the original questionnaire, pre-test study, and estimation of its psychometric properties. Content, construct and criterion validity and internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha, were assessed. Results: The version for children aged 8 to 11 years and comprised by three domains (symptoms, activity and relationships), obtained and α ≥ 0.60. In the questionnaire for children aged 12 to 16years, there is one more domain called coping, which obtained an α of 0.53, that was different to the other three domains that obtained an α > 0.70. The correlation between Health Quality of Life and Perception of Health Quality of Life was statistically significant for both groups. The association between Health Quality ofLife and health capability was only significant among children aged 12 to 16years (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The adapted ConQol questionnaire matched properly with the original one. The adapted questionnaire is valid and reliable to assess Health Quality ofLife among Chilean children with congenital heart diseases.

Validación de escala de valoración del dolor en recién nacidos en una unidad de neonatología / Validation of a scale of assessment of pain in infants in neonatal unit

La escala de valoración de dolor de Givens permite determinar presencia y magnitud del dolor que presentan los Recién Nacidos (RN) hospitalizados en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), para así poder valorar de manera constante este signo vital y tomar las medidas necesarias para atenuar la sensación dolorosa. Sentir dolor es un estado no deseable, donde se ve alterado el patrón fisiológico y el estado de conciencia de los niños; se hace necesario aplicar de manera constante escalas que permitan visualizar la magnitud real y tomar medidas de prevención y cuidado enfermero, favoreciendo la tranquilidad de los RN. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo validar la escala Neonatal Pain Assessment Scale de Givens, en la Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena, durante el período abril - septiembre de 2010. El estudio utilizó un diseño de corte transversal, donde se determinó validez y confabilidad del instrumento. La investigación permitió entregar un instrumento válido y confiable para medir presencia y magnitud del dolor en RN. Así, se determinó un coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,78 y un porcentaje total de varianza de 57,72. El análisis sugirió la eliminación de dos ítemes de valoración, quedando con dos dominios (Conductual y Fisiológico), estableciéndose que la Neonatal Pain Assessment Scale es adecuada para su objetivo de valoración, constituyendo un aporte en unidades de cuidados neonatales, contribuyendo al propósito de mejorar la calidad de hospitalización de estos usuarios y otorgando cumplimiento a la norma ministerial y calidad de los cuidados.

Givens Neonatal Pain Assessment Scale, allows determining the presence and the degree of pain in Newborns (RN) hospitalized in Intensive Care Units (ICU) present, in order to constantly assess the vital signs and take the necessary measures to reduce pain sensation. Feeling pain is an undesirable state, where the physiological pattern and the children consciousness state is altered; it is necessary to consistently apply scales that helps illustrate the real magnitude as well as adopting preventive actions and nursing care, to promote tranquility of the RN. The research, aimed to validate the Givens Neonatal Pain Assessment Scale at Neonatal Unit from Dr. Hernan Henríquez Aravena Hospital, during the period April to September 2010. The study uses a cross-sectional design, which determined validity and reliability of the instrument. The research delivers a valid and reliable instrument to measure the presence and degree of pain in neonates. Thus, we determined a Cronbach´s alpha of 0,78 and a total percentage of variance of 57,72. The analysis suggested the elimination of two items of value, leaving with two domains (Behavioral, and Physiological), establishing that the Neonatal Pain Assessment Scale, is suitable for objective assessment, making a contribution in Neonatal Care Units, contributing to the purpose of improving the quality of hospitalization of these users and granting Ministerial compliance with the standard and quality of care.

Niveles de ansiedad en la comunidad estudiantil odontológica: Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco - Chile / Anxiety levels in the dental student community: Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco - Chile

Estudios demuestran que el aumento de los niveles de ansiedad se relacionan con el avance curricular al enfrentarse a situaciones de mayor complejidad, con la edad y el sexo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de los niveles de ansiedad: rasgo y estado en los alumnos de Odontología. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal basado en una cohorte estratificada por avance curricular, edad y sexo, evaluada con el cuestionario IDARE (Inventario de Ansiedad Rasgo Estado). La muestra fue constituida por 269 alumnos de primer a quinto año quienes consintieron participar y estar presentes en la actividad. El 56,9 por ciento correspondió a mujeres y 43,1 por ciento a hombres, la edad promedio fue 21,9 años (DE +/- 2,94). Los puntajes promedios de escala Ansiedad-Estado fueron 45,3 (2º semestre); 46,4 (4º semestre) ; 48,7 (6º semestre); 48,8 (8º semestre) y 55,5 (10º semestre) (p=0,0002). En la escala Ansiedad-Rasgo, los promedios fueron 36,4; 41,5; 43,9; 41,5 y 47,0 respectivamente (p=0,0000). Según sexo, en las escalas Ansiedad-Estado y Ansiedad-Rasgo no se observaron diferencias significativas (p>0,05). Según edad, la escala Ansiedad-Estado presenta asociación significativa y correlación baja (p=0,0122, r=0,1523). La correlación no fue significativa para edad en la escala de Ansiedad-Rasgo (p=0,0597, r=0,1147). La ansiedad aparece como fenómeno frecuente en nuestros estudiantes con tendencia al aumento según su avance curricular. La relación de estos niveles con sexo y edad no fue significativa.

Studies show that the increase in these levels would be related, with the curricular advance upon being faced with situations of greater complexity, with age and gender. The objective of this study was to determine anxiety levels frequency: trait and state in dental students. Study of cross section nested in a cohort stratified by curricular advance, age and gender. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) assessed anxiety. Sample was constituted by 269 students of first to fifth year that consented to participate and were present in the activity. Of 269 students, 56.9 percent corresponded to females. Average age 21.9 +/- 2.94 DS. The Anxiety-State scale averages scores for semesters 2º (45.3); 4º (46.4); 6º (48.7); 8º (48.8); 10º; (55,5) (p=0.0002). In Anxiety-Trait scale, the averages were (36.4); (41.5); (43.9); (41.5); (47.0) respectively (warning of medium (3044), high levels of anxiety (45 and more) (p=0.0000). According to sex in Anxiety-State scales and Anxiety-Trait, there were no significant differences (p>0.05). According to age in Anxiety/State scale, a significant association and low correlation (p=0.0122, r=0.1523) was present. The correlation was not significant between age and scale of Anxiety/Trait (p=0.0597, r=0.1147). The anxiety appears as a frequent phenomenon in dental students. The levels of anxiety are higher with tendency to increase in proportion to curricular advance. There was no relation between sex and age. The careers of dentistry should plan for educational strategies to handle anxiety considering the risk in the emotional and physical health of the student body.

Intervención educativa para modificar el aporte de hierro absorbible en mujeres no embarazadas / Educational intervention to modify the levels of absorbed iron in non pregnant women

Biochemical tes ts (hemoglobin andferritin) and dietary surveys were carried out in this study to determine changes in absorbable iron intake and serum levels of iron, before and after an educational intervention aimed to promote food dietary iron bioavailability in 49 non pregnant women between 18 and 25 year of age students from La Frontera University who were enrolled in this institution in 2009. Favorable changes were detected in vitamin C intake which increased from 67 to 125 mg (p<0.001), and hemoglobin from of 132 to 13.4 g/dl (p<0.0065). A significant a decrease in factors on the non-heme iron absorption depressants from 100% to 6.1% (p = 0.008) was observed. Important qualitative chances on the adequate selection and combination of types of food were identified which contributes to improve iron absorption.

Se realizó un estudio en 49 alumnas entre 18 y 25 años de edad, de la Universidad de La Frontera, matriculadas el año 2009 con exámenes bioquímicos (hemoglobina y ferritina) y encuestas alimentarias, para determinar modificaciones en el aporte de hierro absorbible y en los niveles séricos de hierro, antes y después a una intervención educativa alimentaria enfocada a favorecer la biodisponibilidad de hierro dietario. Después de la intervención se detectaron cambios favorables ya que el aporte de vitamina C aumentó de 67 a 125 mg (p<0,001), la concentración de hemoglobina varió de 13.2 a 13.4 g/dl (p<0,001), y disminuyeron los depresores de absorción de hierro dietético de 100% a 6,1% (p=0,008). Se identificaron importantes cambios cualitativos respecto a la correcta selección y combinación de alimentos contribuyendo así a disminuir la deficiencia de hierro en las participantes. Se aportan antecedentes actualizados sobre la calidad de hierro en la dieta y deficiencia de hierro en mujeres en edad fértil.

Experiencia subjetiva de estudiantes y docentes que vivencian un cambio curricular / Subjective experience of students and teachers who experience a curriculum change

Objetivo: Conocer la experiencia subjetiva de estudiantes y docentes respecto del cambio curricular. Metodología: Estudio transversal, muestra de 169 estudiantes de cuarto año curricular y 32 docentes. Información recogida en cuestionario “Inquietudes y procedimientos para adoptar Innovaciones Educativas” (IPIE) validado y adaptado al estudio. Análisis descriptivo. Estudio respetó normas éticas y consentimiento informado. Resultados: 26,0 por ciento de alumnos correspondió a Tecnología Médica; 22,5 por ciento Enfermería y Nutrición, respectivamente, y 29,0 por ciento Obstetricia. Edad media de 21,3+/-1,43 años. Mujeres 68,1 por ciento. En “Información”, los estudiantes mostraron el promedio más alto en el ítem “Quisiera saber lo que otros están haciendo en esta área” (4,1+/-0,9), y los docentes en “Me gustaría saber si se contará con los recursos para mantener esta innovación en un futuro inmediato” (4,7+/-0,4). En “Funcionalidad”, promedio más alto correspondió a “Me gustaría saber qué es lo que esta innovación va a requerir para mantenerla en el futuro” (4,3+/-0,8) y el más bajo en “Estoy totalmente ocupado/a en otras cosas, para mí la innovación no es prioridad” (2,4+/-1,4). En “Resultados”, los docentes presentaron el promedio más alto en “Me interesa evaluar mi impacto sobre los estudiantes” y “Quisiera que otros equipos de docentes se motiven con los logros que tenemos en este proceso de innovación curricular” (4,6+/-0,4; 4,6+/-0,4). Conclusiones: Estudiantes y docentes se mostraron conformes con la experiencia del cambio curricular. Aún existen dudas respecto de cómo este cambio afectará las competencias del estudiantado y la sustentabilidad en el tiempo. Es necesario continuar esta línea investigativa durante el ejercicio profesional de egresados.

Objective: To determine the subjective experience of students and teachers on curriculum change. Methodology: Cross-sectional study in a sample of 169 Regular fourth-year students and 32 teachers. Information collected in the survey “Concerns and procedures to adopt educational innovations” (IPIE) validated and adapted to the study. Descriptive analysis with means, medians, ranges, percentages and averages compared with t-test and ANOVA. Study respected ethical and informed consent. Results: 26.0 percent of students accounted for Medical Technology, Nursing and Nutrition 22.5 percent, 29.0 percent respectively and Obstetrics. Mean age 21.3 +/- 1.43 years. 68.1 percent women. In “Information”, students showed the highest average item “I want to know what others are doing in this area” (4.1 +/- 0.9), and teachers in “I wonder if they have the resources to keep this innovation in the immediate future “(4.7 +/- 0.4). In “Functionality” highest average corresponded to “I wonder what this innovation will be required to keep it in the future” (4.3 +/- 0.8) and lowest in the scale “I am fully occupied / to other things, for innovation is not my priority “(2.4 +/- 1.4). In teaching, in “Results” highest average “I am interested in evaluating my impact on students” and “I want other teachers to motivate teams with the achievements we have in this curricular innovation process” (4.6 +/- 0, 4, 4.6 +/- 0.4). Conclusions: students and teachers were satisfed with the experience of curriculum change. Still, there are doubts about how this will affect the student skills and sustainability over time. It is necessary to continue this line of research for the professional practice of graduates, to objectively assess the skills of the new student-centered curriculum.

Estudio comparativo in vitro de la calidad de obturación del sistema ProTaper Universal Manual, versus el sistema de condensación lateral / Comparative study in vitro of the sealing quality ProTaper System Universal Manual, versus the lateral condensation system

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la calidad de obturación radiográfica que se obtiene al utilizar el sistema ProTaper Universal Manual de conicidad aumentada, respecto del sistema convencional que utiliza taper 0,02. Se utilizaron cincuenta y cuatro piezas dentarias humanas extraídas, las cuales se dividieron en dos grupos de 27 piezas cada uno. El grupo uno se instrumentó con el sistema convencional y el grupo dos que se redujo a 23 piezas, con el sistema ProTaper Universal Manual. Posteriormente fueron obturadas con la técnica de condensación lateral y la técnica del cono único modificada respectivamente. Se evaluó el grado de adaptación de la masa obturadora, presencia de vacuolas, extensión de la obturación radicular, fractura de instrumentos y tiempo de trabajo. El grado de adaptación de la gutapercha en los tercios cervical y medio, fue superior cuando se utilizaron conos ProTaper y en apical similar a la condensación lateral. La presencia de vacuolas fue mayor en todos los niveles del sistema ProTaper, pero estos resultados no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas.

The aim of this study was to describe the radiographic quality of obturation obtained using the ProTaper Universal Manual System of taper increased, for a system that uses conventional taper 0.02. Fifty-four extracted human teeth were used, which were divided into two groups of 27 pieces each. The first group was implemented with the conventional system and the second one reduced to 23 parts, with ProTaper Universal Manual System. Subsequently, they were sealed with lateral condensation and single cone technique modified respectively. The degree of adaptation of the obturation was subsequently analyzed, as was the presence of vacuoles, the extent of root filling, fractured instruments and working time. The degree of adaptation of the gutta-percha in the cervical and middle thirds was higher when used ProTaper, and the apical third was similar to the lateral condensation. The presence of vacuoles was greater in all levels of the ProTaper system, but these results did not show statistically significant differences.

First premolar morphometry: a study in 54 cases / Morfometría de primeros premolares: un estudio de 54 casos

First lower premolars are the teeth with greater variations following third molars. Fifty four first premolars extracted by orthodontic indication from patients in Temuco, Chile, were studied and classified by age, sex and maxillar and mandible location. The following parameters were measured: vestibular-palatine diameter (VP), mesiodistal (MD) diameter, coronary height (C-O), root length and total length. The data were statistically analyzed and tabulated. The results exhibited that first upper premolars showed higher values in the VP diameter and root length compared with the lower, noting significant differences. Further, male sex showed higher values on most measures compared with females, except in root length. Finally a difference in root length was observed between first upper and lower premolars.

Los primeros premolares inferiores son las piezas dentarias con mayores variaciones después de los terceros molares. Se estudiaron 54 primeros premolares extraídos por ortodoncia de pacientes de la ciudad de Temuco, Chile, los cuales fueron clasificados por edad, género y ubicación en los maxilares y en la mandíbula. Se midieron los siguientes parámetros: diámetro vestíbulo-palatino (V-P), mesio-distal (M-D), altura coronaria (C-O), longitud radicular y longitud total. Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente y tabulados. Los resultados arrojaron que los primeros premolares superiores presentaron valores superiores en el diámetro V-P y la longitud radicular con respecto a los inferiores, observando diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Además, en los hombres se observaron valores superiores en la mayoría de las mediciones, a excepción de la longitud radicular. Finalmente, se observó una diferencia en la longitud radicular entre los primeros premolares maxilares y los mandibulares.

Valores expresados en estudiantes de enfermería: Temuco - Chile, 2009 / Values expressed in students of nursing: Temuco - Chile, 2009

Introducción: Los valores y las competencias en las(os) enfermeras(os) son facilitadores de la socialización profesional y elementales en la toma de decisiones. Objetivos: Relacionar los valores personales expresados en alumnos de cuarto semestre de la Carrera de Enfermería de la Universidad de La Frontera (UFRO) el 2009 con sus aspectos sociodemográficos y curriculares y con el perfil educacional-laboral de sus padres. Metodología: Estudio transversal-correlacional, muestra intencionada de 70 alumnos de cuarto semestre de Enfermería. Recopilación de información a través del instrumento Perfil de Valores Personales (Portrait Values Questionnaire). Resultados: En Escala de Valores Centrales, la puntuación promedio total fue de 4,8, considerada importante, según escala Likert, con un rango de 3,6 a 6,7. En Escala de Valores Secundarios, la puntuación promedio total fue de 5, considerada importante, con un rango de 3,6 a 6,7. Relación significativa entre Valores Centrales y nivel de avance curricular (p= 0,026) y entre etnia mapuche con Valores Secundarios (p <0,0001). Conclusiones: Los valores centrales fueron considerados importantes por los alumnos estudiados, donde el valor dar sentido a la vida presenta la mayor puntuación promedio. Además, se observó diferencia significativa entre estos valores y el haber repetido cursos previamente. Asimismo, en valores secundarios existió diferencia significativa entre la etnia mapuche y estos valores. El desarrollo de la persona se ve acrecentado por sus valores personales y profesionales, así la disciplina debe estar estructurada de tal manera que desde la perspectiva filosófica, del lenguaje y de valores se puedan generar estrategias activas y reflexivas que permitan orientar y situar al futuro profesional en armonía con su contexto social.

Introduction: The values and skills of nurses (I) are facilitators of professional socialization and basic for decision-making. Objectives: To relate personal values expressed in nursing students in their 4th semester, Universidad de La Frontera (UFRO). Temuco - Chile, 2009. Methodology: Cross-sectional, correlational study. Purposive sample of 70 students of fourth semester of nursing. Data collection, through the Personal Values Profle instrument (Portrait Values Questionnaire). Results: On a scale of core values, the total average score was 4.8, considered important, according to Likert scale, ranging from 3.6 to 6.7. Scale of secondary values, whose total average score was 5, considered important, with a range of 3.6 to 6.7. Significant Core Values relationship between level of advancement and curriculum (p = 0.026) and between Mapuche with secondary values (p <0.0001). Conclusions: The Core Values were considered important by the students studied, where the value “giving meaning to life” has the highest average score. In addition, significant difference between these values and have repeated courses previously, was observed. Also, as for secondary values, significant difference between the Mapuche and these values, was found. The personal development is enhanced by their personal and professional values and discipline must be structured so that from the philosophical perspective, language and values, can create strategies that enable active and reflective guide and put forward professional in harmony with its social context.

Condiciones sociales, factores biológicos y conducta de cuidado materno en prevención de enfermedades respiratorias en lactantes / Social conditions, biological factors and maternal care behavior in respiratory diseases prevention, in infants

Introducción: Las condiciones sociales y factores biológicos representados por variables reproductivas, clínicas, de hábitos y la conducta de cuidado materno en prevención de enfermedades respiratorias, constituyen una prioridad en el contexto socioeconómico cultural de la IX Región. Objetivos: Relacionar la conducta de cuidado materno en prevención de Infecciones Respiratorias Agudas (IRA) con la presencia de SBO y NAC. Metodología: Investigación descriptiva, correlacional, en muestra probabilística, secuencial de 239 lactantes y sus madres. Los datos se recolectaron en cuestionario validado y adaptado a las necesidades de la investigación. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y analítico, con prueba de chi cuadrado, prueba exacta de Fisher. La investigación cumplió con los Requisitos éticos de Ezequiel Emmanuel. Resultados: La conducta "evita fuentes de contagio" frecuentemente 49,8 por ciento, "ventila su hogar" frecuentemente 42,4 por ciento, "se preocupa de calefaccionar su hogar" frecuentemente 43,5 por ciento, "evita exponer al lactante a cambios bruscos de temperatura" frecuentemente 39,0 por ciento y "se siente preparada para entregar cuidados básicos de salud a su hijo" frecuentemente, 42,8 por ciento. Discusión y Conclusiones: El Síndrome Bronquial Obstructivo (SBO) se asoció a la conducta de cuidado; las madres revelaron déficit en la conducta de cuidado hacia su hijo (conducta de calefaccionar, ventilar y evitar fuentes de contagio en su hogar), lo que reafirma el propósito de generar una línea educativa dirigida a madres de lactantes con factores de riesgo.

Introduction: The social and biological factors represented by reproductive variables, clinical, and behavioral patterns of maternal care in respiratory disease prevention are a priority in the socio economic culture of our region. Objectives: Relate the maternal care behavior in prevention of acute respiratory infections (ARI) with the presence of SBO and NAC. Methodology: Descriptive and correlational research with a probability sequence sample of 239 infants and their mothers. A validated questionnaire and adapted to the needs of the investigation, was used for data collection. Descriptive and analytical study with chi-square test and Fisher exact was carried out. Research complied with the ethical requirements of Ezekiel Emanuel. Results: They indicated that the behavior "avoid sources of infection", frequently reaches 49.8 percent, "home fan" 42.4 percent, "cares about heating your home" 43.5 percent, "avoid exposing the infant to sudden temperature changes" 39.0 percent and "feels ready to deliver basic health care to your child", 42.8 percent. Discussion and Conclusions: Bronchial obstructive syndrome (BOS) was associated with protective behavior, mothers showed deficits in behavior toward their child care (behavior of heating, ventilation and avoid sources of infection at home) which reaffirms the purpose of generating an educational line, for mothers of infants with risk factors.

índices antropométricos para la evaluación de la embarazada y el recién nacido: cálculo mediante tablas bidimensionales / Anthropometric indices for the evaluation of pregnant women and newborns: calculation using two-dimensional tables

ANTECEDENTES: La valoración nutricional de la madre y el recién nacido es un criterio ampliamente usado con fines pronósticos y de manejo clínico. En el ámbito obstétrico materno y neonatal se utiliza índice de masa corporal e índice ponderal neonatal respectivamente. OBJETIVO: Construir tablas bidimensionales que en la clínica práctica faciliten la obtención de estos índices. MÉTODO: Los índices antropométricos que relacionan el peso y la talla, fueron calculados mediante sus fórmulas respectivas: peso dividido por talla al cuadrado o al cubo según se trate de índice de masa corporal o índice ponderal neonatal. Para la categorización posterior del estado nutricional tanto materno como neonatal, los índices obtenidos han de ser valorados con gráficas en función de la edad gestacional. Recomendamos para ello los estándares de referencia nacional. RESULTADOS: Se conformaron dos tablas bidimensionales para el cálculo de índices, las cuales fueron acotadas de acuerdo a valores antropométricos promedios de nuestra población. CONCLUSIÓN: Estas tablas facilitarán al clínico la obtención de índices antropométricos y el diagnóstico de la condición nutricional de la embarazada y recién nacido.

BACKGROUND: Nutritional assessment is a widely used criterion for prognostic purposes and clinical management. In obstetrics, maternal and neonatal body mass Índex and neonatal ponderal Índex, respectively, are used. OBJECTIVE: To construct bidimensional tables to facilítate indexes obtaining process in clinical practice, moreover, graphs also are recommend for nutritional categorize using this indexes. METHODS: The anthro-pometric indexes that associate weight with height were calculated by their respectively formulas: weight divided by height squared or cubed, depending if body mass index or neonatal ponderal index is needed. For the subsequently categorization of both maternal and neonatal nutritional status, these indexes have to be judged in terms of gestational age graphics. For this process, we recommend national standard references. RESULTS: Two bidimensional tables were built to calcúlate the indexes and were delimited according to anthropometric averages of our population. CONCLUSION: These tables will facilítate the obtaining of indexes by the clinicians and, at the same time, the nutritional status diagnosis of pregnant women and their newborn.

Perfil socio-familiar en adultos mayores institucionalizados: Temuco, Padre Las Casas y Nueva Imperial / Socio-family profile in institutionalized older adults: Temuco, Padre Las Casas and Nueva Imperial

Introducción: El proceso de envejecimiento genera cambios importantes en el estilo de vida de la población con repercusiones significativas en el volumen y distribución de la carga social de enfermedad. La Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU) plantea que es un fenómeno secuencial, acumulativo e irreversible, que deteriora el organismo progresivamente hasta hacerlo incapaz de enfrentar circunstancias y condiciones del entorno. Objetivo general: Conocer el perfil socio-familiar de adultos mayores institucionalizados en comunas de Temuco, Padre Las Casas y Nueva Imperial, año 2009. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal correlacional, en muestra de 80 adultos mayores institucionales. La recolección de la información se realizó con el Cuestionario Calidad de Vida para Ancianos, elaborado por Inga y Vara, adaptado a los objetivos del estudio. Se realizó análisis descriptivo (distribución de frecuencias, medias, promedios-desviación estándar) e inferencial (chi cuadrado, Pearson). Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 78,1 años, 15,0 por ciento eran mapuches, 55,0 por ciento eran masculinos, 11,2 por ciento "no sabe leer ni escribir" , 40,5 por ciento no tiene contacto con sus hijos, en maltrato ha recibido golpes o empujones (15,1 por ciento más de diez veces).18,7 por ciento piensa casi a diario que está insatisfecho con su vida actual, 59,4 por ciento no recibe atención de salud por la institución. Conclusiones: se constató una situación de aislamiento, soledad personal y déficit de cuidados entregado por las instituciones, reto para Enfermería, donde debería tener participación de privilegio en la toma de decisiones en políticas de cuidado para la población en estudio.

The aging process produces important lifestyle changes in the population with a significant impact on the volume and distribution of the social burden of disease. The United Nations (UNO) suggests that it is a sequential, cumulative and irreversible phenomenon beginning at age 60 where the human being experiences physical, emotional and social changes which progressively damage the body until it is incapable of dealing with environmental circumstances and conditions. Objective: To learn about the socio-family profiles of institutionalized older adults in Temuco, Padre Las Casas, and New Imperial during the year 2009. Specific objectives: To identify individual characteristics - family, social status, social relationships, satisfaction with life, general health status, negative memories, level of family and social dependency, institutional attention and type of relationship with the consumption of alcoholic beverages in institutions in the towns of Temuco, Padre Las Casas and New Imperial. Methodology: A cross-sectional correlation study was carried out with a sample of 80 institutionalized older adults. Data collection was carried out with the Quality of Life Questionnaire validated for older adults, as elaborated by Inga and Vara and adapted to the study objectives. Descriptive analyses were carried out (with frequency distribution, means, averages, standard deviation, as well as inferential statistics (with Pearson’s chi-squared Test). Results: The average age was 78.1 years old, 15.0 percent were Mapuche, 55.0 percent were male, 11.2 percent were unable to read or write, 32.5 percent were single. 18.7 percent received no pension; 40.5 percent had no contact with their children and were abused having been hit or pushed (15.1 percent more than ten times). 52.5 percent never engaged in physical activity or played or worked with friends (gardening, errands, strolls, games of chance, etc.). In relationship to life satisfaction (18.7 percent thought almost...

Errores en prescripción y transcripción de medicamentos endovenosos en Servicios Pediátricos, Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena: Temuco, 2008-2009 / Frequency of prescription and transcription errors for intravenous medications in four pediatric services

Background: Errors in the prescription and transcription of medications in pediatric services is a source of adverse events that can be prevented. Aim: To determine and compare the frequency of prescription and transcription errors for intravenous drugs in four pediatric services in a regional general hospital. Material and Methods: Cross sectional analysis of a probabilistic sample of 500 prescriptions of intravenous medications. Information was gathered using an instrument from the American Academy of Pediatrics. Results: The detected prescription errors were illegible indications in 20 percent, lack of dosing indication in 11 percent, omission of the administration route in 24 percent and omission of the frequency of administration in 15 percent. Transcription errors were illegible transcription in 3 percent, not transcribing all indicated medications in 4 percent and transcription of medications that were not prescribed in 3 percent. Twenty one percent of prescriptions and 6 percent of transcriptions had at least one incorrect action. In the different services studied there was a significant association between the percentage of incorrect prescriptions and transcriptions and between illegible prescriptions and transcriptions. Conclusions: A high percentage of errors in prescription of intravenous medications and their transcriptions, was detected in these services. A better quality of care control is required.